Tuesday, 7 July 2015

International Islamic University Islamabad.

ADMISSIONS FALL 2015.

Programs Offered.

Test Schedule

ADMISSION PROCEDURE.

SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION FORM:.

Application Form/Prospectus may be purchased upon payment of Rs.550/- from:-

Habib Bank Limited, IIU Branch, Sector H-10, Islamabad.
First Women Bank Ltd, IIU Branch, Female Campus, Sector H-10, Islamabad.
Allied Bank Limited, IIU Branch Female Campus, Sector H-10, Islamabad.

Application Forms may also be downloaded from here Download Forms.
- In case of problem in down loading the form, please send email toadmissions@iiu.edu.pk for (Pakistani candidates) to receive admission form through email.

Application Form may also be obtained through postal/courier services by sending self addressed envelope of 10”x12” along with Bank draft/Pay order payable in the name of International Islamic University Islamabad for 650/- (Rupees Six Hundred Fifty Only) to“Admission Office (Male), Basement, Admin Block, IIU, Sector H-10, Islamabad” at least 10 days prior to closing date.

Check List:.

Before submitting your form please ensure that

Application Processing Fee (Non-refundable) is paid in IIUI bank account in designated branch (attach copy of deposit challan) or Bank Draft or Pay Order favoring IIUI payable at HBL IIU Branch, Islamabad is attached as per following detail:-

Rs.700/- (For Pakistani Applicants)
Rs.1250/- (For Applicants using Downloaded forms)

Application form is duly filled in duplicate and signed.
Three passport size photographs are attached.
Two (02) sets of attested photocopies of final degree/certificates and other testimonials are attached.
Copy of CNIC or Passport for candidates over the age of 18 years and Child Registration Form for candidates below 18 years is attached.
Applications received after the due date are not entertained.

Test Schedule:.

Admission test Schedule is available on IIUI website www.iiu.edu.pk. No Separate call letter is issued to any candidate.
Result of the admission test is announced through IIUI website within five days from the conduct of admission test.
Interview is not conducted for BBA/BS/LLB programs.

What to Bring and What Not to bring at the time of Entry Test:.

Test Admission Slip.
Original CNIC.
Clipboard, eraser, sharpener, two pencils /Ball pen/Pen.
Calculators, Mobile phones, and other communication devices are not allowed in the examination hall.

SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION FORM:.

Application form in duplicate, complete in all respect must reach on or before the advertised closing/last date on the following address (es):-

MALE APPLICANTS:..
Admission Office, Basement, Admin Block, International Islamic University, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Ph: +92-51-9257988, Fax: +92-51-9257923.

FEMALE APPLICANTS:.
Admission Office, Room No.S-12, Admin Block, International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Ph: +92-51-9257985, 9019327; Fax: +92-51-9257929.

RESULT AWAITING CANDIDATES:.

Applicants who have appeared in examination and awaiting for results (only those who have already appeared in the exams) may apply for admission, however on passing the entry test, provisional admission is allowed subject to fulfillment of other formalities. Such candidates are required to fill in an undertaking to the effect that “he/she will submit result within one month time after commencement of semester and if he/she fails to secure required marks or CGPA, his / her admission shall be treated as cancelled immediately without any further notice and continuation of studies shall be considered as Unlawful.” Candidate securing straight pass grades with required percentage/CGPA shall only be eligible for continuation of studies.
NOTE;-The absolute value of percentage is considered as final; it is not rounded off to next whole number e.g. 49.99% is considered 49.99% and NOT 50%. Similarly 2.49/4.00 means 2.49/4.00 and NOT 2.50/4.00.

Class Timings:.

Classes are held from 8.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. according to the time table of respective Faculty/Department.

Code of Conduct:.

Students shall be required to abide by the prescribed Rules and Regulations of IIUI and observe the dress code and basic Islamic tenets failing which student disciplinary action can be initiated as per disciplinary regulations enforce from time to time

ADMISSION TEST:.

Admission is granted to a candidate (except overseas candidate) on the basis of written test and interview held as per schedule announced by the University. The admission test focuses on language skills in Arabic& English, subject aptitude and general analytical skills on the pattern of TOEFL, GMAT and SAT. The weight-age for admission test / interview and previous qualification is given below:

MERIT CRITERIA
M.Sc. Eco/MBA/MS/Ph.D		Under Graduate
Academic Qualification	30%	Academic Qualification	40%
Admission Test/NTS	50%	Admission Test	60%
Interview	20%

GENERAL ADMISSION SCHEDULE:

Sr. No	Semester	Last date for submission of Application Form	Commencement of Semester
1	Fall Semester	July 15	September 01
2	Spring Semester	December 15	February 01

Click here to see all programs offered for Fall 2015 (with detail)

Virtual University Admission 2015

Virtual University Admissions

Monday, 6 July 2015

Fortran: 7 Reasons Why It’s Not Dead.

Fortran:. 7 Reasons Why It’s Not Dead:.

In the 1950s, IBM programmer John Backus invented a programming language called Fortran. It's still in use today, and here's what you need to know about it.

Fortran: Where general-purpose programming began.

(Image: Bostomi via Wikipedia).

The list of high-tech tools in continuous use since the early 1950s isn't very long: the Fender Telecaster, the B-52, and Fortran.

Fortran (which started life as FORTRAN, or FORmula TRANslator) was first created by IBM programmer John Backus in 1950. By the time John F. Kennedy was inaugurated, FORTRAN III had been released and FORTRAN had the features with which it would become the predominant programming language for scientific and engineering applications. To a nontrivial extent, it still is.

Whereas COBOL was created to be a general purpose language that worked well for creating applications for business and government purposes in which reports and human-readable output were key, FORTRAN was all about manipulating numbers and numeric data structures.

Its numeric capabilities meant that Fortran was the language of choice for the first generation of high-performance computers and remained the primary development tool for supercomputers: Platform-specific versions of the language power applications on supercomputers from Burroughs, Cray, IBM, and other vendors.

[Is COBOL dead? The answer is no.].

Of course, if the strength of Fortran was in the power of its mathematical processing, its weakness was actually getting data into and out of the program. Many Fortran programmers have horror stories to tell, most centering upon the "FORMAT" statement that serves as the basis of input and output.

While many scientific applications have begun to move to C++, Java, and other modern languages because of the wide availability of both function libraries and programming talent, Fortran remains an active part of the engineering and scientific software development world.

So how can you get your hands on Fortran? It's actually pretty easy. This isn't an exhaustive list of all the Fortran compilers in the world, but rather a survey of some of the packages easily available to those who want to learn the language or use it in their own projects (plus a couple that you're likely to run into if you land that Fortran programming job you're hoping for).

If you're looking for a programming language in use on everything from $25 computers that fit in the palm of your hand to the largest computers on earth you only have a couple of choices. If you want that programming language to be the same one your grandparents might have used when they were beginning his or her career, then there's only one option. Welcome to Fortran, the once and future language of scientific computing.

Our tour starts on the next page. Let me know which packages I left out and how you're still using the Fortran skills you learned "back in the day." If you can do that while using a FORMAT statement, everyone here will be impressed. Really......

Sunday, 5 July 2015

Collecting lost light.

This technique directly images the propagation of light through an optical nanofiber, seen here as blue waves. The upper image is a zoomed out compilation of the Rayleigh scattering along the nanofiber. The saturated white section is the narrow neck of the nanofiber.

Optical fibers are hair-like threads of glass used to guide light. Fibers of exceptional purity have proved an excellent way of sending information over long distances and are the foundation of modern telecommunication systems.. Transmission relies on what's called total internal reflection, wherein the light propagates by effectively bouncing back and forth off of the fiber's internal surface. Though the word "total" implies light remains entirely trapped in the fiber, the laws of physics dictate that some of the light, in the form of what's called an evanescent field, also exists outside of the fiber.. In telecommunications, the fiber core is more than ten times larger than the wavelength of light passing through. In this case, the evanescent fields are weak and vanish rapidly away from the fiber. Nanofibers have a diameter smaller than the wavelength of the guided light. Here, all of the light field cannot fit inside of the nanofiber, yielding a significant enhancement in the evanescent fields outside of the core. This allows the light to trap atoms (or other particles) near the surface of a nanofiber..

JQI researchers in collaboration with scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory have developed a new technique for visualizing light propagation through an optical nanofiber, detailed in a recent Optica paper. The result is a non-invasive measurement of the fiber size and shape and a real-time view of how light fields evolve along the nanofiber. Direct measurement of the fields in and around an optical nanofiber offers insight into how light propagates in these systems and paves the way for engineering customized evanescent atom traps..

In this work, researchers use a sensitive camera to collect light from what's known as Rayleigh scattering, demonstrating the first in-situ measurements of light moving through an optical nanofiber. Rayleigh scattering happens when light bounces, or scatters, off of particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. In fibers, these particles can be impurities or density fluctuations in the glass, and the light scattered from them is ejected from the fiber. This allows one to view the propagating light from the side, in much the same way as one can see a beam of sunlight through fog. Importantly, the amount of light ejected depends on the polarization, or the orientation of oscillation of the light, and intensity of the field at each point, which means that capturing this light is a way to view the field..

The researchers here are interested in understanding the propagation of the field when the light waves are comprised from what are known as higher-order modes. Instead of having a uniform spatial profile, like that of a laser pointer, these modes can look like a doughnut, cloverleaf, or another more complicated pattern. Higher-order modes offer some advantages over the lowest order or "fundamental" mode. Due to their complexity, the evanescent field can have comparatively more light intensity in the region of interest—locally just outside the fiber. These higher order modes can also be used to make different types of optical patterns. Nanofibers aren't yet standardized and thus careful and complete characterization of both the fiber and the light passing through them is a necessary step towards making them a more practical and adaptable tool for research applications..

This research team had previously developed techniques for controlling the fiber manufacture process in order to support extremely pure higher-order modes. Mode quality depends on things like the width of the fiber core and how this width changes over the length of the fiber. Small deviations in the fiber diameter and other imperfections can cause undesirable combinations and the potential loss of certain modes. By analyzing how the transmitted light changes as the fiber is stretched into a nanofiber, they could infer how the modes change while propagating through the fiber. However, until now there was no way to directly measure the intensity of the field along the fiber, which would offer far more insight and control over how the evanescent fields are shaped at the location of the trapped atoms. This could be useful for analyzing fibers where the propagation conditions change multiple times, or in the case where a fiber undergoes strain or bending during use..

By collecting images of the Rayleigh scattering, the scientists can directly see how the field changes throughout a nanofiber and also the effects of changing the pattern of light injected into the fiber. In addition, the team was able to use the imaging information to feedback to the system and create desired combinations of modes in the nanofiber—demonstrating a high level of control. The same technique can be used to measure the profile and width of the fiber itself. In this case, they were able to estimate a fiber radius of 370 nm and variations in the waist down to 3 nm. Notably, this type of visualization is done in-situ with relatively standard optics and does not require destroying the fiber integrity with the special coatings that are necessary when using a scanning electron microscope. This also means these characterizing measurements can be used to optimize the fields that interact with atoms during experiments. "An advantage of this technique is that it can be applied to fibers that are already installed in an apparatus," explains Fredrik Fatemi, a research physicist at the Naval Research Laboratory and author on the paper: "One could even probe fibers or other nanophotonic structures designed for fundamental modes by using shorter optical wavelengths.".

To further refine this approach, the researchers plan to modify the optics in order to capture the entire length of the nanofiber in a single image. Currently, the images are made by stitching several high-resolution images together, as in the image seen above...

World’s thinnest light bulb.

Led by Young Duck Kim, a postdoctoral research scientist in James Hone’s group at Columbia Engineering, a team of scientists from Columbia Univ., Seoul National Univ. (SNU), and Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) reported they have demonstrated, for the first time, an on-chip visible light source using graphene as a filament. They attached small strips of graphene to metal electrodes, suspended the strips above the substrate, and passed a current through the filaments to cause them to heat up. The study is published online inNature Nanotechnology..

“We’ve created what is essentially the world’s thinnest light bulb,”. says Hone, Wang Fon-Jen professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia Engineering and co-author of the study. .“This new type of ‘broadband’ light emitter can be integrated into chips and will pave the way towards the realization of atomically thin, flexible, and transparent displays, and graphene-based on-chip optical communications.”.

Creating light in small structures on the surface of a chip is crucial for developing fully integrated “photonic” circuits that do with light what is now done with electric currents in semiconductor integrated circuits. Researchers have developed many approaches to do this, but have not yet been able to put the oldest and simplest artificial light source—the incandescent light bulb—onto a chip. This is primarily because light bulb filaments must be extremely hot—thousands of degrees Celsius—in order to glow in the visible range and micro-scale metal wires cannot withstand such temperatures. In addition, heat transfer from the hot filament to its surroundings is extremely efficient at the microscale, making such structures impractical and leading to damage of the surrounding chip.

By measuring the spectrum of the light emitted from the graphene, the team was able to show that the graphene was reaching temperatures of above 2,500 C, hot enough to glow brightly.. “The visible light from atomically thin graphene is so intense that it is visible even to the naked eye, without any additional magnification,” explains Kim, first and co-lead author on the paper..

Interestingly, the spectrum of the emitted light showed peaks at specific wavelengths, which the team discovered was due to interference between the light emitted directly from the graphene and light reflecting off the silicon substrate and passing back through the graphene. Kim notes, “This is only possible because graphene is transparent, unlike any conventional filament, and allows us to tune the emission spectrum by changing the distance to the substrate.”

The ability of graphene to achieve such high temperatures without melting the substrate or the metal electrodes is due to another interesting property: as it heats up, graphene becomes a much poorer conductor of heat. This means that the high temperatures stay confined to a small “hot spot” in the center.

“At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice, so that less energy is needed to attain temperatures needed for visible light emission,” Myung-Ho Bae, a senior researcher at KRISS and co-lead author, observes. “These unique thermal properties allow us to heat the suspended graphene up to half of the temperature of the sun, and improve efficiency 1000 times, as compared to graphene on a solid substrate.”

The team also demonstrated the scalability of their technique by realizing large-scale of arrays of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene light emitters.

Yun Daniel Park, professor in the Dept. of Physics and Astronomy at Seoul National Univ. and co-lead author, notes that they are working with the same material that Thomas Edison used when he invented the incandescent light bulb: “Edison originally used carbon as a filament for his light bulb and here we are going back to the same element, but using it in its pure form—graphene—and at its ultimate size limit—one atom thick.”

The group is currently working to further characterize the performance of these devices—for example, how fast they can be turned on and off to create “bits” for optical communications—and to develop techniques for integrating them into flexible substrates.

Hone adds, “We are just starting to dream about other uses for these structures—for example, as micro-hotplates that can be heated to thousands of degrees in a fraction of a second to study high-temperature chemical reactions or catalysis.”..

Amplifying small motions in large motions.

For several years now, the research groups of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professors of computer science and engineering William Freeman and Frédo Durand have been investigating techniques for amplifying movements captured by video but indiscernible to the human eye. Versions of their algorithms can make the human pulse visible and even recover intelligible speech from the vibrations of objects filmed through soundproof glass.

Earlier this month, at the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition conference, Freeman, Durand and colleagues at the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) presented a new version of the algorithm that can amplify small motions even when they’re contained within objects executing large motions. So, for instance, it could make visible the precise sequence of muscle contractions in the arms of a baseball player swinging the bat, or in the legs of a soccer player taking a corner kick.

“The previous version of the algorithm assumed everything was small in the video,” Durand says. “Now we want to be able magnify small motions that are hidden within large motions. The basic idea is to try to cancel the large motion and go back to the previous situation.”

Canceling the large motion means determining which pixels of successive frames of video belong to a moving object and which belong to the background. As Durand explains, that problem becomes particularly acute at the object’s boundaries.

If a digital camera captures an image of, say, a red object against a blue background, some of its photosensors will register red light, and some will register blue. But the sensors corresponding to the object’s boundaries may in fact receive light from both foreground and background, so they’ll register varying shades of purple.

Ordinarily, an algorithm separating foreground from background could probably get away with keeping those borderline pixels: A human viewer probably wouldn’t notice a tiny fringe of purple around a red object. But the purpose of the MIT researchers’ motion amplification algorithm is precisely to detect variations invisible to the naked eye. Changes of color at an object’s boundaries could be interpreted as motions requiring magnification.

So Durand, Freeman and Mohamed Elgharib and Mohamed Hefeeda of QCRI instead assign each boundary pixel a weight, corresponding to the likelihood that it belongs to the foreground object. In the example of the red object against a blue background, that weight would simply depend on whether the shade of purple is bluer or redder. Then, on the basis of the pixels’ weights, the algorithm randomly discards some and keeps others. On average, it will make the right decision, and it will disrupt any patterns of color change that could be mistaken for motion.

The problem of identifying the same object from frame to frame, Durand says, is related to the problem of image stabilization, which attempts to remove camera jitter from video. Identifying the motion of a single object, however, is more difficult than determining the motion of the image as a whole.

The MIT and QCRI researchers make a few assumptions to render the problem more tractable. First, they assume a correlation between the direction and rate of motion of adjacent pixels. Second, they assume “smoothness”—that the direction and rate of motion will be consistent over time. Finally, they assume that pixels’ trajectories across frames can be captured by linear mathematical relationships, which enables their algorithm to analyze pixels individually.

Then, rather than looking for correlations between one frame and the next, their algorithm considers five frames at a time, using consistencies across frames to resolve ambiguities between adjacent frames.

Once the algorithm has identified the pixels correlating to a single moving object, it corrects for the object’s motion and performs the same motion magnification procedure that previous versions did. Finally, it reinserts the magnified motions back into the original video stream.

Heartbeat on a chip could improve pharmaceutical tests.

The apparatus is a new development in the "lab on a chip" category—a class of microfluidic devices that can perform complex laboratory functions in a tiny space.

The first uses are likely to be in testing new cardiovascular drugs and blood thinners, where blood flow is critical to predicting performance, says Shuichi Takayama, U-M professor of biomedical engineering and macromolecular science and engineering who is one of the creators of the device.

This chip gives us a bridge between the petri dish and the patient," Takayama said. "Cells behave much more naturally when they're subjected to the pulsing rhythms inside the body, as opposed to sitting in a static environment in the lab. So, by duplicating those rhythms on a chip, we can perform much more accurate lab tests before we begin testing on patients."

A gravity-powered chip that can mimic a human heartbeat outside the body could advance pharmaceutical testing and open new possibilities in cell culture because it can mimic fundamental physical rhythms, according to the Univ. of Michigan researchers who developed it.

While previous devices have been able to recreate the pulse of a heartbeat outside the body, they required the use of a syringe pump operated by a lab technician, which made long-term tests difficult. The new device is much simpler to operate and can run unattended for long periods of time.

The steady input pressure also makes it possible to run multiple pulse rates and pressures on a single chip. This is a big step forward because it enables technicians to run multiple tests at once, Takayama says.

"Different types of patients have different pulse rates," he said. "For example, a septic patient's heart may beat faster or one blood vessel may have a different flow rate than another. Those factors influence how a given therapy will affect a cell. We can now replicate those factors and many others on a single chip and run the tests simultaneously."

Developed at the Biointerfaces Institute and Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, the chip uses an intricate network of microscopic, gravity-driven channels, capacitors and switches to make liquids flow across it in an unlimited variety of pulses and flow rates. It enables researchers to test new therapies on human cell samples that have been injected into the device, in an environment that closely mimics conditions inside the body.

Takayama says the chip can also be used to duplicate other biorhythms in the body, like signals within the brain and hormone delivery.

"For example, we generally study liver cells' response to insulin by giving them a big dose all at once," he said. "But in the body, the liver gets insulin from the pancreas in a series of tiny pulses. We could use this chip to duplicate those pulses and create a much more accurate model of what's happening in the body."

The chip operates much like an electronic processor in a computer, but it uses fluid instead of electricity. Sung-Jin Kim, a former researcher in Takayama's lab who is now an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at KonKuk Univ. in Seoul, South Korea, explains that developing switches and capacitors that use fluid is simple in principle but was difficult to put into practice.

"One of our biggest challenges was building a gravity-driven microfluidic circuit that works reliably," he said. "Because unlike electronics, microfluidic switches need negative pressure to close properly. We eventually realized that we could control the pressure of the system by positioning the outflow well at a measured distance below the chip, creating just the right amount of pressure."

The team uses CAD-design software to custom-design each chip to exact specifications, then uses a combination of soft lithography and photolithography to mold the chip out of silicon rubber at a cost of only a few cents each.

Because the chips are used in the lab and not on humans, Kim says researchers can begin using them right away. He says the team has no immediate plans for commercialization, but they may begin sharing the design with researchers on a noncommercial basis in a matter of months.

None Stop Information Technology.

Tuesday, 7 July 2015

International Islamic University Islamabad.

ADMISSION PROCEDURE.

Virtual University Admission 2015

Virtual University Admissions

Virtual University Admission 2015.

Important dates for BS Courses spring admission 2015 last date.

Important dates for Master Courses spring admission 2015 last date.

Academics Programs:.

Faculty of Management:.

Faculty of Arts:.

Duration:.

Eligibility Requirements:.

SEMESTER WISE BREAKUP OF BS PROGRAMS:.

BS (Computer Science), BS (Information Technology):.

BS (Business Administration):.

Admission Schedule:.

Admission Procedure:.